/ExtGState << /F4 24 0 R >> -Pool study: experienced players did better when being watched and newer players did worse when being watched. /Parent 2 0 R /Parent 2 0 R << [40] Kruglanski proposed that people are combination of nave scientists and cognitive misers: people are flexible social thinkers who choose between multiple cognitive strategies (i.e., speed/ease vs. accuracy/logic) based on their current goals, motives, and needs.[40]. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] Errors can be prevented only by enhanced monitoring of System 2, which costs a plethora of cognitive efforts. [11] Through the study of causal attributions, led by HaroldKelley and BernardWeiner amongst others, social psychologists began to observe that subjects regularly demonstrate several attributional biases including but not limited to the fundamentalattributionerror. /Subtype /TrueType [2][34] Yet certain pitfalls may be neglected in these shortcuts. /F3 23 0 R Rectilinear motion The height above ground (in feet) of a ball thrown vertically into the air is given by. /F1 21 0 R 22 0 obj we want consistency between prior beliefs about the world and our interpretations of new situations, individuals gather relevant information un-selectively and construct social reality in an unbiased way, strives to simplify cognitive process specifically under time pressure, many strategies depending on the situation important -> naive scientist, a class of objects that we believe belong together, schema can be defined by list of necessary and sufficient attributes, hard to specify defining features/members vary a great deal in their typically/ some cases are unclear, categories are organized around attibutes that are only characteristic of the category; they don't define it, prototype view- representation is abstracted list of most characteristic feature membership. ]"&4v /F1 21 0 R System 2 may also have no clue to the error. -Lowballing: getting people to commit to a certain amount Stereotype, as a phenomenon, has become a standard topic in sociology and social psychology.[14]. [38] In Fiske's subsequent research, the omission of the role of intent in the metaphor of cognitive miser is recognized. Framing theory suggest that the same topic will result in different interpretations among audience, if the information is presented in different ways. -Participants were with a confederate where the participant took on the role of a teacher and the confederate a student, they had to administer increasingly painful shocks in response to wrong answers, if they hesitated the experimenter encouraged them to continue endobj /GS7 27 0 R Naive Scientist Trying to work out the cause and effect of things in our social world Cognitive Misers Trying to save time and effort to understand the social world Heuristics Mental shortcuts that reduce the complexity of judgement (More/Less) Time, Cognitive Load, Importance, Information and Emotions /LastChar 116 [9][pageneeded] In this sense people are strategic instead of passively choosing the most effortless shortcuts when they allocate their cognitive efforts, and therefore they can decide to be nave scientists or cognitive misers depending on their goals. In addition to streamlining cognition in complicated, analytical tasks, the cognitive miser approach is also used when dealing with unfamiliar issues and issues of great importance. What is deindividuation? Known as the knowledge deficit model, this point of view is based on idealistic assumptions that education for science literacy could increase public support of science, and the focus of science communication should be increasing scientific understanding among lay public. x[[Ggc%adp 3 t_hbdK _TwUt5vQ_Nw.{1_.;?nEM]0{?;a}|o/91m~?=>6Gc;xv;{x^(]G!=ig/ho#1na{quo|8Lg?b79?=|xCd]%ZtnrYHo/cauo~qeiL&'?Yv:woa =)Cnf;ZyK|HJ!C|XzfNbpyf`|*F objects can be similar or dissimilar on an infinite number of dimensions. /CS /DeviceRGB That's it. >> /Resources << Here are 9 common cognitive shortcuts most people do to minimize the use of the brains we've been given. Attempting to observe things freshly and in detail is mentally exhausting, especially among busy affairs. social Introducing Ask an Expert DismissTry Ask an Expert Ask an Expert In this chapter, we present the multiple knowing processes evolved to enable the tactical flexibility to pursue diverse goals.. To save cognitive energy, cognitive misers tend to assume that other people are similar to themselves. Five general views of the thinker emerge in social psychology: consistency seeker, nave scientist, cognitive miser, motivated tactician, and activated actor. -Culture: the traditions of a certain group of people This switch in processing between the two can be termed, A2 Psychology Concepts and studies and advanced psychology. The cognitive miser theory is an umbrella theory of cognition that brings together previous research on heuristics and attributional biases to explain when and why people are cognitive misers. not only vary in content but in structure too in terms of the intra-category System 2 may also have no clue to the error. What is in-group bias? nave scientist cognitive miser motivated tactician outgroup homogeneity Previous question Next question 2011 . On the other hand, in Lippmann's view, people are told about the world before they see it. *p ~02Q*PGZxO`'HiY<6\Ud"I$;4L`cp{-Yl o /S /Transparency /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] "The subtlest and most pervasive of all influences are those which create and maintain the repertory of stereotypes." [37] These two cognitive processing systems are not separate and can have interactions with each other. /Tabs /S -Treatment: appoint a devils advocate. /F3 23 0 R "[13] That is to say, people live in a second-handed world with mediated reality, where the simplified model for thinking (i.e., stereotypes) could be created and maintained by external forces. Find out how you can intelligently organize your Flashcards. 48 . -Cognitive component: stereotypes What is conformity? -Group tasks should be difficult because members will be more relaxed. How can group work be designed to enhance performance and minimize social loafing? /ExtGState << How do we use positive test strategy to test hypotheses? What is social contagion? Although Lippmann did not directly define the term cognitive miser, stereotypes have important functions in simplifying people's thinking process. According to conspiracy theorists, the actress Megan Fox has died and been replaced by lookalikes - not once, but twice (Credit: Getty Images) One, somewhat humbling, explanation is that we are all. -"I told the other participant I liked the task and I got pad only one dollar to do so, so I must've actually liked it". 2 [91 0 R 92 0 R 93 0 R 94 0 R 95 0 R 96 0 R 97 0 R 98 0 R 99 0 R 100 0 R Describe Anchoring & Adjustment Heuristic: audio not yet available for this language, NAIVE SCIENTIST: people use rational scientific-like cause-effectanalyses to understand the world, COGNITIVE MISER: people use the least complex & demandingcognitions that are able to produce generally adaptivebehaviours, IMPRESSION FORMATION: the way in which we developperceptions of a person, Personality Recency: information presented later has more impact thanearlier information, Self schema: individualised knowledge structures about the self, {"cdnAssetsUrl":"","site_dot_caption":"Cram.com","premium_user":false,"premium_set":true,"payreferer":"clone_set","payreferer_set_title":"Week 3 Social Psychology","payreferer_url":"\/flashcards\/copy\/week-3-social-psychology-7549740","isGuest":true,"ga_id":"UA-272909-1","facebook":{"clientId":"363499237066029","version":"v12.0","language":"en_US"}}. Daniel Kahneman described these as intuitive (System 1) and reasoning (System 2) respectively.[35]. -Not enough information: one-shot exposure, fundamental attribution error (the person's fault not ours). 473480 . . /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] PSYC 137 Chapter 1-6 - Summary Social Cognition: From Brains to Culture -low education, income, and occupational status makes them to be at a greater risk for prejudice and willingness to resort to violence. /BaseFont /Arial Barr . In this sense people are strategic instead of passively choosing the most effortless shortcuts when they allocate their cognitive efforts, and therefore they can decide to be nave scientists or cognitive misers depending on their goals. To install click the Add extension button. -Americans had no problems with the original tst, easterners struggled until the second test when there was a group setting. ORDER EFFECTS: order in which information about person is presented can have profound impact on impression, Primacy: information presented first disproportionately influenceimpression (stronger & more common). /GS8 28 0 R -employ equal status contact, need equal opportunities, -Need to belong: a motivation to bond with others in relationships that provide ongoing, positive interactions. The nave scientist and attribution theory; Heuristics; The cognitive miser theory; Implications; Updates and later research; References; The term This second effect helped to lay the foundation for Fiske and Taylor's cognitive miser. (a) 2xdxx21\int \frac{2 x d x}{x^2\ -\ 1}x212xdx \qquad(b) 2xdx(x21)2\int \frac{2 x d x}{\left(x^2\ -\ 1\right)^2}(x21)22xdx, ( c ) 3xdxx21\int \frac{3 x d x}{\sqrt{x^2\ -\ 1}}x213xdx \qquad (d) 3xdxx21\int \frac{3 x d x}{x^2\ -\ 1}x213xdx. [2] In other words, humans are more inclined to act as cognitive misers using mental short cuts to make assessments and decisions, about issues and ideas about which they know very little as well as issues of great salience. /Chart /Sect What Is Cognitive Miser? | Ifioque.com Social Cognitive Psychology : History and Current Domains - Google Books /BM /Normal endobj The cognitive miser theory is an umbrella theory of cognition that brings together previous research on heuristics and attributional biases to explain when and why people are cognitive misers. Psychological tendency of people to think and solve problems in simple ways. /Type /Page Contents. /Header /Sect -1 in 5 people exhibit racist attitudes, MODERN: cognitive In other words, this theory suggests that humans are, in fact, both naive scientists and cognitive misers. /Contents 40 0 R /F2 22 0 R The dual processing system can produce cognitive illusions. >> 238 0 R 239 0 R] What topics are of interest to Social Psychologists? endobj Later models suggest that the cognitive miser and the nave scientist create two poles of social cognition that are too monolithic. << Under what conditions are people most likely to help? /Contents 43 0 R If there were many suppliers of diamonds, what would be the price and quantity? [7], Before Fiske and Taylor's cognitive miser theory, the predominant model of social cognition was the nave scientist. /F3 23 0 R This kind of categorical thinking give meaning to social stimuli under adverse or difficult processing conditions.[40]. Once a category is activated we tend t see members as possessing all the Congratulations on this excellent venture what a great idea! /F2 22 0 R << In other words, this theory suggests that humans are, in fact, both naive scientists and cognitive misers. The cognitive miser theory is an . [9], In order to meet these needs, nave scientists make attributions. This second effect helped to lay the foundation for Fiske and Taylor's cognitive miser.[9]. Cognitive miser - HandWiki >> Acting as a cognitive miser should lead those with expertise in an area to more efficient information processing and streamlined decision making. What is the probability that he will be a good president?" /Artifact /Sect /Type /StructElem Widely shared within cultures, but differ between cultures, Can be based on personal experience Resistant to change, We typically assume that physically attractive people are good, They are interesting, warm, outgoing, socially skilled, Halo effect: our overall impression of a person colours ourperception of that persons specific traits, Allow us to quickly make sense of person, situation, event or placeon basis of limited information, Guide our thoughts, feelings, and behaviours towards things, Less time consuming & less effortful, yield quick solutions, Sometimes inaccurate, misapplied, inadequate, Instances are assigned to categories or types on basis of overallsimilarity to the category, As a result, we sometimes ignore base-rate information, Tendency to seek out & attend to information that confirms onesbeliefs & ignore information that is inconsistent with ones beliefs, Beliefs/schemas become resilient this way. << /ParentTree 19 0 R Instead, Fiske, Taylor, and ArieW.Kruglanski and other social psychologists offer an alternative explanation of social cognition: the motivatedtactician. -Tied to these beliefs Add to folder /F1 21 0 R 2#/@LF6vCYJvHPd"}1C{8:0# Lh5tfz|baZ -Fundamental attribution error: tendency to overestimate the impact of dispositional influences (enduring characterisitcs like personality) on other people's behavior. 24 0 obj % /CS /DeviceRGB That is, habitual cooperators assume most of the others as cooperators, and habitual defectors assume most of the others as defectors. /Font << The cognitive miser theory is an umbrella theory of cognition that brings together previous research on heuristic s and attributional bias es to explain when and why people are cognitive misers. -Emotion: Americans rated the central figure without basing it off of those around it, Japanese was opposite. 72 0 R] /Group << << /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding [2][3], The term cognitive miser was first introduced by SusanFiske and ShelleyTaylor in 1984. What kinds of differences are found in attention, cognition, emotion and behaviors based on cultural dimensions such as independence/interdependence or individualistic versus collectivist? Versailles Co., a womens clothing store, purchased $18,000\$18,000$18,000 of merchandise from a supplier on account, terms FOB destination, 2/102/102/10, n/30\text{n}/30n/30. /Annotation /Sect How does a "cognitive miser" reason? To save cognitive energy, cognitive misers tend to assume that other people are similar to themselves. >> -Conformity: submission to a social influence, alter behavior from group pressures. In psychology, the human mind is considered to be a cognitive miser due to the tendency of people to think and solve problems in simpler and less effortful ways rather than in more sophisticated and more effortful ways, regardless of intelligence. The cognitive miser theory is an umbrella theory of cognition that brings together previous research on heuristics and attributionalbiases to explain when and why people are cognitive misers. /BaseFont /Times#20New#20Roman /Marked true People's behavior is not based on direct and certain knowledge, but pictures made or given to them. /ParentTreeNextKey 13 /Pages 2 0 R /Resources << /Type /Font too much on mibd = heuristics 3) importance - heuristics better for estimates, if decison is important become a naive scientist 4) information level - if have all necessary info = become naive scientist What is obedience? >> << 20 0 obj Elaboration Likelihood Model of Persuasion: Central vs. Peripheral In addition to streamlining cognition in complicated, analytical tasks, the cognitive miser approach is also used when dealing with unfamiliar issues and issues of great importance. >> /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] 333 0 R 334 0 R 335 0 R 336 0 R 337 0 R 338 0 R 339 0 R 340 0 R 341 0 R 342 0 R It is, in many ways, a unifying theory which suggests that humans engage in economically prudent thought processes, instead of acting like scientists who rationally weigh costs and benefits, test hypothesis, and update expectations based upon the results of the experiments that are our everyday actions. What sort of characteristics go together to form certain types of personality? /ExtGState << It will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the WIKI 2 technology. /Keywords (Social Cognition From Brains to Culture;Fiske;2nd Edition;Test Bank) Consistency seeker: motivated by perceived discrepancies among their cognitions. >> When processing with System 1 which start automatically without control, people expend little or even no effort, but can generate complex patterns of ideas. 23417270. free . /F4 24 0 R [12], The study of attributions had two effects: it created further interest in testing the naive scientist and opened up a new wave of social psychology research that questioned its explanatory power. Does a flawed scientist use automatic processing (system 1/intuitive) or controlled processing (or system 2/analytical/)? /F1 21 0 R What is the actor-observer bias? How did Milgram study obedience? /Group << /GS7 27 0 R >> Here is an example of how people's belief are formed under the dual process model in several steps: The reasoning process can be activated to help with the intuition when: Conflicts also exists in this dual-process. /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding Positive impressions are typically formed in the absence of any(negative) information, more easily changed in light of subsequent negative info, Negative impressions are formed when there is any sign ofnegative information, difficult to change in light of subsequent positive information, we are biased towards negativity WHY? 13 0 obj The wave of research on attributional biases done by Kahneman, Tversky and others effectively ended the dominance of Heider's nave scientist within social psychology. Exemplar view: representation is set of examples of members. /F3 23 0 R It is an important concept in socialcognition theory and has been influential in other social sciences such as economics and political science. >> A2 Psychology Concepts and studies and advanced psychology /Tabs /S -Within group: underestimate differences within groups, view their group as heterogeneous /Parent 2 0 R [26] [27], Based on the assumption that human beings are cognitive misers and tend to minimize the cognitive costs, low-information rationality was introduced as an empirically grounded alternative in explaining decision making and attitude formation. According to this theory, people employ either shortcuts or thoughtful analysis based upon the context and salience of a particular issue. /Parent 2 0 R /Type /ExtGState Describe his findings. /Subtype /TrueType [21] Unless the cognitive environment meets certain requirements, we will try to avoid thinking as much as possible. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] Psych Guide #11 - Social Psychology Flashcards | Quizlet -Cognitive Misers: take shortcuts whenever possible, value ease and efficiency at the expense of accuracy -Motivation: feel good -Post decision dissonance: start like flawed scientists after we're motivated to who'd rather feel right (b) Estimate the time at which the ball is at its highest point and estimate the height of the ball at that time. students and group work, are you assertive? -Reduced hostility by engaging both groups in activities together, require them to accomplish certain goals. Harvard cognitive scientist David Perkins coined the term "mindware" to refer to the rules, data, procedures, strategies and other cognitive tools (knowledge of probability, logic and. >> >> ETSU Online Programs - http://www.etsu.edu/onlineModule 4 - Social Psychology: Cognitive Misers, Schemas, & Social CognitionMOD 04 EP 15 << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] -Enhance performance and minimize loafing by recording who is doing what /Type /Group endobj /GS7 27 0 R /GS7 27 0 R /Font << /F3 23 0 R /F6 26 0 R (PDF) Street Teaching in the Tenderloin | SRI ANAH - Academia.edu What is "lowballing?" if we can't find evidence that matches the hypothesis is false. As a result, one will generally believe one's impressions and act on one's desires. /GS8 28 0 R Price$8,0007,0006,0005,0004,0003,0002,0001,000Quantity5,000diamonds6,0007,0008,0009,00010,00011,00012,000. >> << /Font << It spans a topic. [39][originalresearch? schemas create theories about how features go together and why, helps determine category membership, expertise affects the way we classify objects, classifying things according to how similar they are to the typical case, example of representativeness heuristic in medicine, the medicine should look like the disease eat bats for blindness, failure to recognize the the co-occurrence of two outcomes cannot be greater than the probability of each outcome alone, making judgments about the frequency or likelihood of an event based on the ease with which evidence or examples come to mind, tendency to assume that one has contributed more than their fair share to joint endeavors, spouses and house work /Type /ExtGState /K [52 0 R 53 0 R 54 0 R 55 0 R 56 0 R 353 0 R 354 0 R 355 0 R 356 0 R 357 0 R If not, give a counterexample. /Tabs /S heuristics in judgment and decision-making, Human inference: strategies and shortcomings of social judgment, Like goes with like: the role of representativeness in erroneous and pseudoscientific beliefs, Science and selection: essays on biological evolution and the philosophy of science, 3 MESSAGES AND HEURISTICS: HOW AUDIENCES FORM ATTITUDES ABOUT EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES, Risk Assessment in the Federal Government. Stolz . Versailles Co. returned $3,000\$3,000$3,000 of the merchandise, receiving a credit memo, and then paid the amount due within the discount period. >> A pragmatic social cognitive psychology covers a lot of territory, mostly in personality and social psychology but also in clinical, counseling, and school psychologies. 293 0 R 294 0 R 295 0 R 296 0 R 297 0 R 298 0 R 299 0 R 300 0 R 301 0 R 302 0 R /CA 1 >> >> /Type /Group ->discrimination is a thing of the past, African Americans are pushing too hard, their gains have been excessive. Here is an example of how people's belief are formed under the dual process model in several steps: The reasoning process can be activated to help with the intuition when: Conflicts also exists in this dual-process. 14 0 obj They would rather rely on heuristics and shortcuts to make decisions. What characteristics of the messenger increase persuasiveness? /F1 21 0 R [36] These two cognitive processing systems are not separate and can have interactions with each other. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Cognitive miser". For example, people tend to make correspondent reasoning and are likely to believe that behaviors should be correlated to or representative of stable characteristics. 228 0 R 229 0 R 230 0 R 231 0 R 232 0 R 233 0 R 234 0 R 235 0 R 236 0 R 237 0 R /Type /Page [2], People are limited in their capacity to process information, so they take shortcuts whenever they can. >> << /Type /Group [2] [20] Given the limited information processing capabilities of individuals, people are always trying to adopt strategies that simplify complex problems. /Type /Page Fiske and Taylor (1984) used the term "cognitive miser" to refer to broad tendencies to resist new ideas, to minimize effortful thought, and to avoid revising one's beliefs. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 /Resources << [2] [3], The term cognitive miser was first introduced by Susan Fiske and Shelley Taylor in 1984. >> [2] In other words, humans are more inclined to act as cognitive misers using mental short cuts to make assessments and decisions, about issues and ideas about which they know very little as well as issues of great salience. 21 0 obj "[19] In their work, Kahneman and Tversky demonstrated that people rely upon different types of heuristics or mental short cuts in order to save time and mental energy. Transcribed image text: Question 33 (Mandatory) (1 point) The perspective that our needs, values, or goals at a given time impact our categorization of other people is known as the view. <> [4] Usually people do not think rationally or cautiously, but use cognitive shortcuts to make inferences and form judgments. >> \end{array} What percentage of the population exhibits racist attitudes?